Spay and Neuter References

Below you'll find a collection of human-animal bond and animal behavior resources.

If you'd like to suggest additional resources, please e-mail mm@mmilani.com.

The following informal list explores some of many facets of spay and neuter. The goal is not to support or denounce the procedures, but merely to help individuals make an informed choice regarding this aspect of the human-companion animal relationship. Additional references are welcomed.

General background information:

Historic background information:

Medical Studies:

Studies that link spaying to breast (mammary) cancer prevention include: :

These studies challenge that conclusion:

Other medical studies: Studies of various behavioral problems as a function of reproductive status, among others:

Online sources:


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